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By Tyler Grubb
By Tyler Grubb


The Lenape Stone is a piece of slate believed to have possibly been an ornamental necklace worn by the Lenni Lenape. The stone is broken into two pieces and has two holes considered to have possibly allowed it to be used as a neckpiece. On both sides there are cravings: one side has carvings of fish, turtles, birds, and snakes, and the other side has a detailed carving. The detailed carving is of multiple individuals fighting a mammoth with arrows and bows and has a background with mountains and the sun. This was considered the first artifact that contained a drawing of a mammoth and could be considered evidence that humans and mammoths existed during the same time period. However, the authenticity of the stone gorget has never been confirmed and is largely believed to be contrived.
[[File:JamesChurchward.jpg|thumb|right|image of James Churchward|alt=black and white image of James Churchward <ref>Churchward, James 1987 ''The Lost Continent of Mu''</ref>]]


==Discovery==
James Churchward (February 27, 1851 - January 4, 1936) is an author born in England. The main focus of his writing is on the lost continent of Mu. Throughout his writing career, Churchward wrote 21 books all focusing on lost continents and Mu. His books range from an overarching explanation of Mu to a detailed description of the ancient Mu civilization. James Churchward’s major contribution to pseudoarchaeology is his theory and belief in a lost civilization called Mu. He spent years traveling the world, researching the lost continent, and translating texts from ancient civilizations, as he believed he had the ability to translate ancient languages. These translations, along with the translations of others, led to many of his ideas about Mu. While Churchward wrote many extensive works on the continent, there is no scholarly or factual evidence that supports his theories. <ref name=Churchward1933>Churchward, James 1933 ‘’The Sacred Symbols of Mu’’ J.B. Hare. https://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/ssm/index.htm, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


:The Lenape Stone was discovered in 1972 in Doylestown, Pennsylvania on a farm by Barnard Hansell the son of the owner of the farm. Barnard Hansell was plowing on his father’s farm, he noticed a rock on top of the ground. Barnard Hansell says he picked up the rock piece and placed it in his pocket not thinking anything of the rock he had found. He then placed it in a box leaving it there for nine years until he pulled it out and looked at the carvings on the stone. Eventually, in 1881, Barnard Hansell sold the stone to Henry Paxton. <ref>Mercer, Henry C. 2014 ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth’’ The Project Gutenberg. Electronic document, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45853/45853-h/45853-h.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
==What is Mu==


===Future Discoveries===
===Origin of Mu===


::About 9 years after the first original discovery, Barnard Hansell discovered another stone in the same field where he had originally found the Lenape Stone. Multiple other supposed Indian artifacts were found throughout that year. Each time Barnard made a discovery, he would sell his findings to Henry Paxton. The discoveries included another stone with carvings and a few other small relics believed to have been created by the same Native American Group: the Lenni Lenape. <ref>Mercer, Henry C. 2014 ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth’’ The Project Gutenberg. Electronic document, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45853/45853-h/45853-h.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
::The notion of the lost continent of Mu originated in Augustus Le Plongeon’s  (1825-1908) writing. Augustus Le Plongeon traveled through Yucatan and studied the ancient Maya civilization, leading him to theorize about the history of the ancient Mayan civilization. Le Plongeon took the name Mu from French writer and priest Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. <ref name=Bitto2018>Bitto, Robert 2018 ‘’The Lost Continent of Mu & the Mexican Mother Civilization’’ Mexico Unexplained. http://mexicounexplained.com/lost-continent-mu-mexican-mother-civilization/, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref> Bourbourg wrote about the relationship between the ancient Maya, Le Plongeon’s field of study, and Atlantis, and while translating an ancient Mayan codex, discovered the continent Mu. Although he believed he correctly translated the Mayan codex, it was later discovered to be a part of the Troiano Codex. The Troiano Codex has since been decoded and actually translates to information on astrology. While Bourbourg was a respected man during his time, many of his colleagues questioned him when he released writing on the translations and his theories about the Maya and Atlantis. <ref name=Curtius2017>Curtius, Guintus 2017 ‘’Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg: An Eraly Pioneer In Mesoamerican Studies’’ Quintus Curtius Fortress Of The Mind. https://qcurtius.com/2017/09/29/charles-etienne-brasseur-de-bourbourg-an-early-pioneer-in-mesoamerican-studies/, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


===After The Discoveries===
====Augustus Le Plongeon's Mu====


::After the discoveries, the artifacts were scrubbed down multiple times in order to display them at the Bucks County Historical Society exhibitions. The cleaning process was intended to make the artifacts the most appealing to the public and to make the carvings in the stone the most obvious. However, through this process, archaeologists' ability to date and find the stone’s origin completely depleted. Archaeologists cannot compare the surrounding soil from the Hansell farm to any soil matter on the artifacts, so there is no evidence of the origin and the validity of the Lenape Stone. <ref>Mercer, Henry C. 2014 ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth’’ The Project Gutenberg. Electronic document, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45853/45853-h/45853-h.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
:::Le Plongeon claimed that through his translations of Mayan writings, he discovered that the Maya were older than the ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt. He explained this theory by creating an ancient continent by the name of Mu where individuals from this lost continent, that was submerged by a major catastrophe, were refugees that spread across the world and created civilizations like Egypt, Greece, India, Burma, and Easter Island. He believed that this lost civilization was not only the origin of the founders of these civilizations but also that the ancient civilization of Mu was the source of ancient megalithic architecture. He claimed that because there were similar symbols seen in all ancient civilizations they all originated in one place, the lost civilization Mu. While there are many similarities between Augustus Le Plongeon’s theories about Mu, James Churchward's theories are more widely known and perceived as the true version of Mu. <ref>Geller 2016 “Mu” Mytology.net. https://mythology.net/others/concepts/mu/, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


==Precursor To The Findings==
===James Churchward's Mu===


:Eight years prior to Hansell’s discovery, a carving of a mammoth was found on cave walls in La Madeleine, Perigord, France. This carving depicts a human standing next to a mammoth. After the discovery, the world viewed this as evidence of humans living in the same time period as mammoths. Today, there are many arguments of the meaning of the La Madeleine carvings mainly caused by the accuracy of the carving. The physicality of the mammoth is considered very accurate in the size and structure of a mammoth. Some individuals argue that the carving was a warning of male elephants that go through a period of musth where their testosterone levels soar, and others argue that only someone who has seen a mammoth could create a craving so accurate. <ref>Mercer, Henry C. 2014 ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth’’ The Project Gutenberg. Electronic document, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45853/45853-h/45853-h.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>  
[[File:Mu.gif|thumb|right|James Chruchward's map of Mu|alt=handwritten map of Mu and the hyperdiffusion from Mu <ref>Churchward, James 1930 ''The Lost Continent of Mu''</ref>]]


===History of Mammoths and Humans===
::James Churchward's idea of Mu is a large landmass in the Pacific Ocean that existed 12,000 years ago. The continent extended from Mangia to Hawaii and reached from Easter Island and the Marianas. Churchward traveled throughout the Pacific and its surrounding landmasses seeking to discover information about the original human civilization Mu. Many of Churchward’s ideas originated from Bourbourg’s mistranslation of the codex and Plangeon’s writings. Alongside Bourbourg’s translations, Churchward conducted some of his own translations of clay tablets he received from an Indian priest. His translations backed the information that Bourbourg had gained from the original translations. </ref name=Churchward1933>


::At the time the carving was found, there was a large conversation on human history and Europe’s importance in the human timeline. During this time, multiple parts of the world had discovered evidence of the potential interaction between humans and mammoths. However, North America, especially the United States, had no evidence of this interaction at the point when Barnard Hansell made his original findings.
::James Churchward’s idea of Mu was that of a perfect human civilization that spread throughout the world, after a major catastrophe that destroyed the landmass, creating what people know to be ancient civilizations like Egypt and Maya. It was after the catastrophe that the few remaining survivors of the civilization spread throughout the world to create these new civilizations, and the only remaining direct descendants of the Mu people are Pacific Islanders. Churchward’s writings had detailed descriptions of the creation of the Mu landmass and the culture of the people of Mu. From his translations, he learned that Mu was formed from underground volcanic gasses that had expanded and created the landmass. <ref name=Colavito2016>Colavito, Jason 2016 ‘’The Weird Case of Atlantis-Mu in the Madrid Codex’’ Jason Colavito. http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/the-weird-case-of-atlantis-mu-in-the-madrid-codex, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


====Mammoths and Humans in the United States====
==Other Ancient Continents==
:There are many different theories about lost continents like Atlantis and Lemuria. These theories are all of the different lost continents that are believed to be superior to many civilizations and the origin of many advancements. There are many news articles every year of new evidence suggesting that a lost continent has been found. Often these are found in obscure places around the world, and the articles originated from the country where the lost city has been found. This suggests that discoveries are not legitimate or trustworthy. While James Churchward only largely believed and supported the lost continent of Mu, in many of his maps he places other lost continents, specifically Atlantis, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Information about other theories of different lost continents shows major similarities between them and Churchward’s theory of Mu. <ref name=Haughton>Haughton, Brian ‘’The Lost Lands of Mu and Lemuria: Was Ausralia Once Part of  sunken Continent?’’ New Dawn Magazine https://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/the-lost-lands-of-mu-and-lemuria-was-australia-once-part-of-a-sunken-continent, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


:::
===Atlantis===


==The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth==
::Atlantis is the most well known lost continent. Many people have heard of the theory of Atlantis, however many people do believe it is a real city and not just a theory. The idea of Atlantis started with Plato who talked about a lost civilization that was the perfect society. Although it is believed by scholars that Plato was talking about a theoretical society, many have taken his writings on this and used them as evidence for a truly lost continent. Ignatius Donnelly popularized the idea of Atlantis as a true civilization. He used similarities between cultures and societies to prove a common ancestor, which he claimed was from Atlantis. There are many different theories on exactly where Atlantis is or how it disappears, but all the different theories are extremely similar and have advanced civilizations. <ref>Drye, Willie ‘’Atlantis’’ National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/atlantis/, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref>


:''The Lanpe Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth'' by H.C. Mercer is a book written to defend the discovery and validity of the discovery by Barnard Hansell. The introduction acknowledges scholarly archaeologists doubts in the legitimacy of the artifact: the lack of evidence because the stone has been heavily cleaned, no scientific observer during the discovery, multiple frauds of Native American relics in Philadelphia, and the suggestion that it is the earliest artifact representing a mammoth. H.C. Mercer continually states that he is only stating the facts of the discovery as he has learned them, and that is up to the audience to decide if the stone is legitimate or not. Along with giving the audience the ability to decide the quality of the artifact, Mercer uses a dialog towards scholarly archaeologists that questions their knowledge and authority. By using quotations around a modern scientist and scientific observer, as well as other scholarly terms, Mercer undermines the authority of archaeologists and their argument against the validity of the stone and its subsequent discoveries. <ref>Mercer, Henry C. 2014 ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth’’ The Project Gutenberg. Electronic document, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45853/45853-h/45853-h.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
===Lemuria===


:However, Mercer attempts towards the end of the book to acknowledge that there is a lack of evidence to be able to prove in one way or another that the Lenape Stone could be used as evidence for the interaction between humans and mammoths within the United States.
::Lemuria, also known as the Land of Lemurs, was originated by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Blavatsky was a part of the Theosophical Society which believes that in order to understand the universe all religions must be combined to achieve the answer. The society also believes in seven root races, the third root-race is the race that lived on Lemuria. It was then William Scott-Elliot that states Atlantis and Lemuria were two separate continents. Lemuria is believed to sit between Madagascar and India, and to have been inhabited by large lemur-like creatures that were more intelligent and peaceful than humans. <ref name=Haughton/>


===H.C.Mercer===
==Similarities Between All Ancient Continents==
::Henry Chapman Mercer is a founder of the Bucks County Historical Society (BCHS) in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, the same city where Barnard Hansell made the discovery of the Lenape Stone. The Bucks County Historical Society was concentrated on the written history of the town. However, H.C. Mercer tried to change the intent of the BCHS by displaying artifacts alongside the written histories. Mercer received major backlash from the society and was removed from the BCHS for years until he was reinstated in 1905. <ref>Ryan, Kathleen 2002 ‘’Implements of Change: Henry Chapman Mercer and the Bucks County Historical Society’’ Lehigh University. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1735&context=etd, November 30, 2019</ref>


::Throughout Mercer’s career, he strived toward discovering great histories about the people of Pennsylvania, specifically in the Delaware Valley. Mercer was educated at Harvard University, but later gained an interest in archaeology. His interest led him to travel throughout Europe and Africa to visit archaeological sites. Although he had an interest in archaeology, he was not a scholarly archaeologist. His lack of education in the field caused scholarly archaeologists to not view him of equal level. In an effort to prove himself to the archaeological community, Mercer conducted research on the Lenape Stone and published his findings in ''The Lenape Stone or, The Indian and The Mammoth.'' <ref>Ryan, Kathleen 2002 ‘’Implements of Change: Henry Chapman Mercer and the Bucks County Historical Society’’ Lehigh University. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1735&context=etd, November 30, 2019</ref>
===Hyperdiffusion===


==Lenni Lenape Native Americans==
::Hyperdiffusion is the idea that all major cultural innovations and societies derived from one major superior ancient civilization. Usually, if an individual believes in hyperdiffusion, they do not acknowledge that two civilizations could evolve independently of each other and have similar aspects of culture. This idea extremely prevalent in all lost civilization theories. It is usually believed that the lost civilization contacted or diverged into other civilization passing on information, allowing the civilization to develop. Often this evidence is seen in large structures that are slightly similar between continents, or from traditions that are similar between distant populations. Hyperdiffusion is not a legitimate archaeological theory and is not supported by modern-day archaeologists. <ref>2016 ‘’Hyperdiffusionism’’ The Argumentative Archaeologist. https://www.andytheargumentativearchaeologist.com/hyperdiffusionism.html, accessed December 5, 2019. </ref>


:The Lenni Lenape Native American tribe live throughout NewJersey, Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, and Oklahoma, and is derived from the Delawares. The tribe is autonomous, but in Pennsylvania, they are not officially recognized as tribes by the United States Government and do not have reservation land. The Lenni Lenape are advanced with their own religious, political, and cultural systems that have excited for centuries. <ref>Redish, Laura and Lewis, Orrin 2015 ‘’Lenape Indian Fact Sheet’’ Native languages of the Americas. http://www.bigorrin.org/lenape_kids.htm, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
====Hyperdiffusion in James Churchward's Writings====
:::Hyperdiffusion is the basis of Churchward’s Mu. He claimed that Mu diffused into all ancient civilizations that he believed to be perfect: ancient Maya, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece. These civilizations also gained all of their technology and structures from Mu. Churchward suggests that all similarities between ancient societies and cultures originate from Mu. This mentality towards the development of ancient societies is seen throughout all of his works, especially ‘’The Lost Continent of Mu’’ his first book and most popular book about Mu. Within this book, he explains in detail how people of Mu traveled to other civilizations to survive a major catastrophe and tried to teach ancient civilizations what they knew. However, Churchward claims that the civilizations were of lesser quality than those from Mu, so although they had information from Mu, none were as successful and as superior as Mu. <ref name=Bitto2018/>


===Lenni Lenape Artifacts===
===Ethnocentrism===
::While the Lenni Lenape tribe does have historical stone carvings, the style and size do not equate to the stone carving that Barnard Hansell discovered on his father's farm. Often carvings were of their language and not necessarily of images. <ref>Scott, Susan H. 2011 ‘’Native American Artifacts’’ The Hunt Magazine. http://www.thehuntmagazine.com/arts-antiques/2011/03/native-american-artifacts/, accessed November 30, 2019</ref> Not only are the carvings themselves different, but the style of gorgets was also different. They were often made is stone, had two holes, and were most likely intended to be worn around the neck, similar to the predictions of the Lenape Stone, none display the same extensive carvings that are displayed on the Lenape Stone. The differences in the artifacts and their styles cause doubts in the authenticity of the stone. <ref>Kraft, Herbert C. and Kraft, John T. 1985 ‘’The Indians of Lenapehoking’’ Seton Hall University Museum. https://www.digifind-it.com/njhistoricalportal/data/ringwood//The%20Indians%20of%20Lenapehoking.pdf, accessed November 30, 2019</ref>
 
::Ethnocentrism is the belief that all other countries or peoples are lesser to one civilization or group. Often in lost civilization theories, it is believed that the lost civilization is superior to all people, and their descendants are currently the most perfect and superior societies and cultures. This idea is seen in many modern nationalist movements. From colonization to Nazism, groups have placed their culture and their way as superior to others. <ref>Goodman, James 2010 ‘’Nationalism as a Social Movement’’ International Studies Association and Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-267, accessed December 5, 2019.</ref> This is an extremely harmful mentality that is seen throughout pseudoarchaeological ideas. When this is seen in lost continental theories, there is often a descendant population of a lost continent that is viewed as superior to all others. This is then used to back modern ethnocentric movements and can cause real harm.
 
====Ethnocentrism in James Churchward's Writings====
 
:::This idea is seen deeply in James Churchward’s writings about Mu. Churchward’s main idea of Mu was that it was the perfect human civilization. His theory was that civilization had many races, but the race that was white was the most attractive and intelligent, dominating over the rest of the races. In “The Lost Continent of Mu’’ Churchward writes “the dominant race is the land of Mu was a white race, exceedingly handsome… Besides this white race, there were other races, people with yellow, brown or black skins. They, however, did not dominate.” Churchward believed that these white, dominant individuals than spread around the world and founded all civilizations that people of today view to be exceedingly intelligent: ancient Egypt, ancient Maya, and ancient Greece. The other lesser races were claimed to have been eradicated while the continent fell to the seafloor. This notion that one race was extremely superior to all others is a deeply ethnocentric idea. <ref name=Colavito2016/>
 
==Popular Media's Effect==
 
:There are endless different theories about lost civilizations and lost continents, which leads to endless amounts of new evidence being discovered yearly by people trying to prove the existence of these civilizations. Often when new evidence for a lost continent is uncovered it is quickly debunked by scholarly archaeologists or a scholar in another scholarly field. The intent of these discoveries are often to prove the greatness of a nation or of a population, or they are to boost the popularity of the discoverer. Rarely is the intent behind the discovery purely scholarly in nature, or originated by a trusted scholarly individual that is backed by their colleagues.
 
:The film and television industry is a large proponent of the belief in lost civilizations. There are countless amounts of movies and shows about Atlantis alone. Not only are there shows and films openly fictional, but there are also many that are intended to have the audience believe them or question the history they are told about lost civilizations and where parts of culture have originated. While there is a large industry of shows about lost continents, there are practically none that are about debunking these theories with the intention of limiting the number of people that believe these false theories.
 
==Debunking James Churchward's Mu==
 
:It is widely understood by scholarly geologists and archaeologists that the lost civilization of Mu did not exist. Churchward’s theory of a major catastrophe sinking the landmass can not be proven by geological evidence. Sciences know that there is no possible way for a landmass the proposed size of Mu could sink into the seafloor. It is also understood by archaeologists that the Americas, Africa, and Europe all evolved and developed separately and without contact from one another. Although some people believe that there are similar structures between continents, they are understood by scholarly audiences to have been created for different purposes and through different methods. <ref name=Haughton/>
 
:Not only is there no physical evidence for Mu, but most of the major evidence that Churchward uses have since been found incorrect. The original discovery of Mu in Bourbourg’s translations of the codex has since been discovered as entirely incorrect and was actually a part of a larger three-piece codex that has since been translated and has no evidence of Mu. Churchward’s own translations of a tablet he was told was from Mu, was actually a tablet from the ancient people of Tibet. The extensive lack of legitimate evidence or scholarly backing suggests that Churchward’s theory of Mu and all of his subsequent writings were, in fact, unfactual and based on falsehoods that were blindly followed by him and multiple other lost continent theorists. <ref name=Curtius2017/>

Latest revision as of 06:59, 6 December 2019

By Tyler Grubb

black and white image of James Churchward [1]
image of James Churchward

James Churchward (February 27, 1851 - January 4, 1936) is an author born in England. The main focus of his writing is on the lost continent of Mu. Throughout his writing career, Churchward wrote 21 books all focusing on lost continents and Mu. His books range from an overarching explanation of Mu to a detailed description of the ancient Mu civilization. James Churchward’s major contribution to pseudoarchaeology is his theory and belief in a lost civilization called Mu. He spent years traveling the world, researching the lost continent, and translating texts from ancient civilizations, as he believed he had the ability to translate ancient languages. These translations, along with the translations of others, led to many of his ideas about Mu. While Churchward wrote many extensive works on the continent, there is no scholarly or factual evidence that supports his theories. [2]

What is Mu

Origin of Mu

The notion of the lost continent of Mu originated in Augustus Le Plongeon’s (1825-1908) writing. Augustus Le Plongeon traveled through Yucatan and studied the ancient Maya civilization, leading him to theorize about the history of the ancient Mayan civilization. Le Plongeon took the name Mu from French writer and priest Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. [3] Bourbourg wrote about the relationship between the ancient Maya, Le Plongeon’s field of study, and Atlantis, and while translating an ancient Mayan codex, discovered the continent Mu. Although he believed he correctly translated the Mayan codex, it was later discovered to be a part of the Troiano Codex. The Troiano Codex has since been decoded and actually translates to information on astrology. While Bourbourg was a respected man during his time, many of his colleagues questioned him when he released writing on the translations and his theories about the Maya and Atlantis. [4]

Augustus Le Plongeon's Mu

Le Plongeon claimed that through his translations of Mayan writings, he discovered that the Maya were older than the ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt. He explained this theory by creating an ancient continent by the name of Mu where individuals from this lost continent, that was submerged by a major catastrophe, were refugees that spread across the world and created civilizations like Egypt, Greece, India, Burma, and Easter Island. He believed that this lost civilization was not only the origin of the founders of these civilizations but also that the ancient civilization of Mu was the source of ancient megalithic architecture. He claimed that because there were similar symbols seen in all ancient civilizations they all originated in one place, the lost civilization Mu. While there are many similarities between Augustus Le Plongeon’s theories about Mu, James Churchward's theories are more widely known and perceived as the true version of Mu. [5]

James Churchward's Mu

handwritten map of Mu and the hyperdiffusion from Mu [6]
James Chruchward's map of Mu
James Churchward's idea of Mu is a large landmass in the Pacific Ocean that existed 12,000 years ago. The continent extended from Mangia to Hawaii and reached from Easter Island and the Marianas. Churchward traveled throughout the Pacific and its surrounding landmasses seeking to discover information about the original human civilization Mu. Many of Churchward’s ideas originated from Bourbourg’s mistranslation of the codex and Plangeon’s writings. Alongside Bourbourg’s translations, Churchward conducted some of his own translations of clay tablets he received from an Indian priest. His translations backed the information that Bourbourg had gained from the original translations. </ref name=Churchward1933>
James Churchward’s idea of Mu was that of a perfect human civilization that spread throughout the world, after a major catastrophe that destroyed the landmass, creating what people know to be ancient civilizations like Egypt and Maya. It was after the catastrophe that the few remaining survivors of the civilization spread throughout the world to create these new civilizations, and the only remaining direct descendants of the Mu people are Pacific Islanders. Churchward’s writings had detailed descriptions of the creation of the Mu landmass and the culture of the people of Mu. From his translations, he learned that Mu was formed from underground volcanic gasses that had expanded and created the landmass. [7]

Other Ancient Continents

There are many different theories about lost continents like Atlantis and Lemuria. These theories are all of the different lost continents that are believed to be superior to many civilizations and the origin of many advancements. There are many news articles every year of new evidence suggesting that a lost continent has been found. Often these are found in obscure places around the world, and the articles originated from the country where the lost city has been found. This suggests that discoveries are not legitimate or trustworthy. While James Churchward only largely believed and supported the lost continent of Mu, in many of his maps he places other lost continents, specifically Atlantis, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Information about other theories of different lost continents shows major similarities between them and Churchward’s theory of Mu. [8]

Atlantis

Atlantis is the most well known lost continent. Many people have heard of the theory of Atlantis, however many people do believe it is a real city and not just a theory. The idea of Atlantis started with Plato who talked about a lost civilization that was the perfect society. Although it is believed by scholars that Plato was talking about a theoretical society, many have taken his writings on this and used them as evidence for a truly lost continent. Ignatius Donnelly popularized the idea of Atlantis as a true civilization. He used similarities between cultures and societies to prove a common ancestor, which he claimed was from Atlantis. There are many different theories on exactly where Atlantis is or how it disappears, but all the different theories are extremely similar and have advanced civilizations. [9]

Lemuria

Lemuria, also known as the Land of Lemurs, was originated by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Blavatsky was a part of the Theosophical Society which believes that in order to understand the universe all religions must be combined to achieve the answer. The society also believes in seven root races, the third root-race is the race that lived on Lemuria. It was then William Scott-Elliot that states Atlantis and Lemuria were two separate continents. Lemuria is believed to sit between Madagascar and India, and to have been inhabited by large lemur-like creatures that were more intelligent and peaceful than humans. [8]

Similarities Between All Ancient Continents

Hyperdiffusion

Hyperdiffusion is the idea that all major cultural innovations and societies derived from one major superior ancient civilization. Usually, if an individual believes in hyperdiffusion, they do not acknowledge that two civilizations could evolve independently of each other and have similar aspects of culture. This idea extremely prevalent in all lost civilization theories. It is usually believed that the lost civilization contacted or diverged into other civilization passing on information, allowing the civilization to develop. Often this evidence is seen in large structures that are slightly similar between continents, or from traditions that are similar between distant populations. Hyperdiffusion is not a legitimate archaeological theory and is not supported by modern-day archaeologists. [10]

Hyperdiffusion in James Churchward's Writings

Hyperdiffusion is the basis of Churchward’s Mu. He claimed that Mu diffused into all ancient civilizations that he believed to be perfect: ancient Maya, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece. These civilizations also gained all of their technology and structures from Mu. Churchward suggests that all similarities between ancient societies and cultures originate from Mu. This mentality towards the development of ancient societies is seen throughout all of his works, especially ‘’The Lost Continent of Mu’’ his first book and most popular book about Mu. Within this book, he explains in detail how people of Mu traveled to other civilizations to survive a major catastrophe and tried to teach ancient civilizations what they knew. However, Churchward claims that the civilizations were of lesser quality than those from Mu, so although they had information from Mu, none were as successful and as superior as Mu. [3]

Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the belief that all other countries or peoples are lesser to one civilization or group. Often in lost civilization theories, it is believed that the lost civilization is superior to all people, and their descendants are currently the most perfect and superior societies and cultures. This idea is seen in many modern nationalist movements. From colonization to Nazism, groups have placed their culture and their way as superior to others. [11] This is an extremely harmful mentality that is seen throughout pseudoarchaeological ideas. When this is seen in lost continental theories, there is often a descendant population of a lost continent that is viewed as superior to all others. This is then used to back modern ethnocentric movements and can cause real harm.

Ethnocentrism in James Churchward's Writings

This idea is seen deeply in James Churchward’s writings about Mu. Churchward’s main idea of Mu was that it was the perfect human civilization. His theory was that civilization had many races, but the race that was white was the most attractive and intelligent, dominating over the rest of the races. In “The Lost Continent of Mu’’ Churchward writes “the dominant race is the land of Mu was a white race, exceedingly handsome… Besides this white race, there were other races, people with yellow, brown or black skins. They, however, did not dominate.” Churchward believed that these white, dominant individuals than spread around the world and founded all civilizations that people of today view to be exceedingly intelligent: ancient Egypt, ancient Maya, and ancient Greece. The other lesser races were claimed to have been eradicated while the continent fell to the seafloor. This notion that one race was extremely superior to all others is a deeply ethnocentric idea. [7]

Popular Media's Effect

There are endless different theories about lost civilizations and lost continents, which leads to endless amounts of new evidence being discovered yearly by people trying to prove the existence of these civilizations. Often when new evidence for a lost continent is uncovered it is quickly debunked by scholarly archaeologists or a scholar in another scholarly field. The intent of these discoveries are often to prove the greatness of a nation or of a population, or they are to boost the popularity of the discoverer. Rarely is the intent behind the discovery purely scholarly in nature, or originated by a trusted scholarly individual that is backed by their colleagues.
The film and television industry is a large proponent of the belief in lost civilizations. There are countless amounts of movies and shows about Atlantis alone. Not only are there shows and films openly fictional, but there are also many that are intended to have the audience believe them or question the history they are told about lost civilizations and where parts of culture have originated. While there is a large industry of shows about lost continents, there are practically none that are about debunking these theories with the intention of limiting the number of people that believe these false theories.

Debunking James Churchward's Mu

It is widely understood by scholarly geologists and archaeologists that the lost civilization of Mu did not exist. Churchward’s theory of a major catastrophe sinking the landmass can not be proven by geological evidence. Sciences know that there is no possible way for a landmass the proposed size of Mu could sink into the seafloor. It is also understood by archaeologists that the Americas, Africa, and Europe all evolved and developed separately and without contact from one another. Although some people believe that there are similar structures between continents, they are understood by scholarly audiences to have been created for different purposes and through different methods. [8]
Not only is there no physical evidence for Mu, but most of the major evidence that Churchward uses have since been found incorrect. The original discovery of Mu in Bourbourg’s translations of the codex has since been discovered as entirely incorrect and was actually a part of a larger three-piece codex that has since been translated and has no evidence of Mu. Churchward’s own translations of a tablet he was told was from Mu, was actually a tablet from the ancient people of Tibet. The extensive lack of legitimate evidence or scholarly backing suggests that Churchward’s theory of Mu and all of his subsequent writings were, in fact, unfactual and based on falsehoods that were blindly followed by him and multiple other lost continent theorists. [4]
  1. ↑ Churchward, James 1987 The Lost Continent of Mu
  2. ↑ Churchward, James 1933 ‘’The Sacred Symbols of Mu’’ J.B. Hare. https://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/ssm/index.htm, accessed December 5, 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bitto, Robert 2018 ‘’The Lost Continent of Mu & the Mexican Mother Civilization’’ Mexico Unexplained. http://mexicounexplained.com/lost-continent-mu-mexican-mother-civilization/, accessed December 5, 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Curtius, Guintus 2017 ‘’Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg: An Eraly Pioneer In Mesoamerican Studies’’ Quintus Curtius Fortress Of The Mind. https://qcurtius.com/2017/09/29/charles-etienne-brasseur-de-bourbourg-an-early-pioneer-in-mesoamerican-studies/, accessed December 5, 2019.
  5. ↑ Geller 2016 “Mu” Mytology.net. https://mythology.net/others/concepts/mu/, accessed December 5, 2019.
  6. ↑ Churchward, James 1930 The Lost Continent of Mu
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Colavito, Jason 2016 ‘’The Weird Case of Atlantis-Mu in the Madrid Codex’’ Jason Colavito. http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/the-weird-case-of-atlantis-mu-in-the-madrid-codex, accessed December 5, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Haughton, Brian ‘’The Lost Lands of Mu and Lemuria: Was Ausralia Once Part of sunken Continent?’’ New Dawn Magazine https://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/the-lost-lands-of-mu-and-lemuria-was-australia-once-part-of-a-sunken-continent, accessed December 5, 2019.
  9. ↑ Drye, Willie ‘’Atlantis’’ National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/atlantis/, accessed December 5, 2019.
  10. ↑ 2016 ‘’Hyperdiffusionism’’ The Argumentative Archaeologist. https://www.andytheargumentativearchaeologist.com/hyperdiffusionism.html, accessed December 5, 2019.
  11. ↑ Goodman, James 2010 ‘’Nationalism as a Social Movement’’ International Studies Association and Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-267, accessed December 5, 2019.
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